The following 11.5 Hrs. Full
Documentary With Sound Is About Ancient Religions From Alpha To Stone
Age To Omega To Modern Times To Infinity.
Everything we were
taught about the Earth, History, Science, Space, Energy and our
Civilization was a lie. This mind blowing documentary will shift your
perspective of the world monumentally.
https://rumble.com/embed/v3nke48/?pub=4
What If Everything You Were Taught Was A Lie?
More History Of
Human Civilizations Around 400,000 years ago, the first evidence of the
Neanderthals. Their bodies were adapted to the cold environments of
Europe and Western Asia. Their distinctive facial features were some of
the most human-like ever seen. They are famous for their massive body
weight and big facial hair. These prehistoric ancestors were made for
the cold. Then came us; 300,000 years ago, the first Homo Sapiens roamed
the earth. The Only surviving species of the Homo Genus. But how did
Homo Sapiens rise into a global dominance through the mechanism of
civilization?
Humanity Written
History was preceded by its prehistory, beginning with the Palaeolithic
Era ("Old Stone Age"), followed by the Neolithic Era ("New Stone Age").
The Neolithic saw the Agricultural Revolution begin, between 10,000 and
5000 BCE, in the Near East's Fertile Crescent. During this period,
humans began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals. As
agriculture advanced, most humans transitioned from a nomadic to a
settled lifestyle as farmers in permanent settlements. The relative
security and increased productivity provided by farming allowed
communities to expand into increasingly larger units, fostered by
advances in transportation.
Whether in
prehistoric or historic times, people always needed to be near reliable
sources of drinking water. Settlements developed as early as 4,000 BCE
in Iran, in Mesopotamia, in the Indus River valley on the Indian
subcontinent, on the banks of Egypt's Nile River, and along China's
rivers. As farming developed, grain agriculture became more
sophisticated and prompted a division of labour to store food between
growing seasons. Labour divisions led to the rise of a leisured upper
class and the development of cities, which provided the foundation for
civilization. The growing complexity of human societies necessitated
systems of accounting and writing. Hinduism developed in the late Bronze
Age on the Indian subcontinent. The Axial Age witnessed the
introduction of religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, and
Jainism. Video Is not about Creationism vs. Evolution and Either dust or
lightening started it all. video is more about world timeline history
as place's and people's and land's and different kingdom's in time's.
With civilizations
flourishing, ancient history ("Antiquity," including the Classical Age
and Golden Age of India, up to about 500 CE) saw the rise and fall of
empires. Post-classical history (the "Middle Ages," c. 500–1500 CE,)
witnessed the rise of Christianity, the Islamic Golden Age (c. 750 CE –
c. 1258 CE), and the Timurid and Italian Renaissances (from around 1300
CE). The mid-15th-century introduction of movable-type printing in
Europe revolutionized communication and facilitated ever wider
dissemination of information, hastening the end of the Middle Ages and
ushering in the Scientific Revolution. The early modern period,
sometimes referred to as the "European Age and Age of the Islamic
Gunpowders", from about 1500 to 1800, included the Age of Discovery and
the Age of Enlightenment. By the 18th century, the accumulation of
knowledge and technology had reached a critical mass that brought about
the Industrial Revolution and began the late modern period, which
started around 1800 and has continued through the present.
This scheme of
historical periodization (dividing history into Antiquity,
Post-Classical, Early Modern, and Late Modern periods) was developed
for, and applies best to, the history of the Old World, particularly
Europe and the Mediterranean. Outside this region, including ancient
China and ancient India, historical timelines unfolded differently.
However, by the 18th century, due to extensive world trade and
colonization, the histories of most civilizations had become
substantially intertwined, a process known as globalization. In the last
quarter-millennium, the rates of growth of population, knowledge,
technology, communications, commerce, weapon destructiveness, and
environmental degradation have greatly accelerated, creating
unprecedented opportunities and perils that now confront the planet's
human communities.
Prehistory, also
known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between
the use of the first stone tools by hominins c. 3.3 million years ago
and the invention of writing systems. The use of symbols, marks, and
images appears very early among humans, but the earliest known writing
systems appeared c. 5000 years ago and it took thousands of years for
writing systems to be widely adopted. In some human cultures, writing
systems were not used until the nineteenth century and, in a few, are
not even used until the present. The end of prehistory therefore came at
very different dates in different places, and the term is less often
used in discussing societies where prehistory ended relatively recently.
Ancient history is
the aggregate of past events from the beginning of writing and recorded
human history and extending as far as post-classical history. The phrase
may be used either to refer to the period of time or the academic
discipline.
The span of
recorded history is roughly 5,000 years, beginning with the Sumerian
cuneiform script, with the oldest coherent texts from about 2600 BC.
Ancient history covers all continents inhabited by humans in the period
3000 BC – AD 500.
The broad term
"ancient history" is not to be confused with "classical antiquity". The
term classical antiquity is often used to refer to Western history in
the Ancient Mediterranean from the beginning of recorded Greek history
in 776 BC (first Olympiad). This roughly coincides with the traditional
date of the founding of Rome in 753 BC, the beginning of the history of
ancient Rome, and the beginning of the Archaic period in Ancient Greece.
The academic term
"history" is fundamentally the study of the past, and can be either
scientific (archaeology, with the examination of physical evidence) or
humanistic (the study of history through texts, poetry, and
linguistics).
Although the ending
date of ancient history is disputed, some Western scholars use the fall
of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD (the most used), the closure of
the Platonic Academy in 529 AD, the death of the emperor Justinian I in
565 AD, the coming of Islam, or the rise of Charlemagne as the end of
ancient and Classical European history. Outside of Europe, there have
been difficulties with the 450–500 time frame for the transition from
ancient to post-classical times.
During the time
period of ancient history (starting roughly from 3000 BC), the world
population was already exponentially increasing due to the Neolithic
Revolution, which was in full progress. According to HYDE estimates from
the Netherlands, world population increased exponentially in this
period. In 10,000 BC in prehistory, the world population had stood at 2
million, rising to 45 million by 3,000 BC. By the rise of the Iron Age
in 1,000 BC, the population had risen to 72 million. By the end of the
period in 500 AD, the world population is thought to have stood at 209
million. In 3,500 years, the world population increased by 100 times.
History of the
Ancient World is a bare-bones introduction to the Ancient Period from
around 4000 BCE until just after the Fall of Rome, around 500 CE. The
focus is global, instead of only the Mediterranean region.
Other focuses:
Ancient
Mesopotamia, Persian empires, Ancient Egypt, African civilizations,
East and South Asia, Ancient Americas, Classical Antiquity (Ancient
Greece and Rome), and European barbarian tribes.
Post-classical
history, as used in global history, generally runs from about 500 CE to
1500 CE (roughly corresponding to the European Middle Ages). The period
is characterized by the expansion of civilizations geographically and
development of trade networks between civilizations.
In Asia, the spread
of Islam created a new empire and Islamic Golden Age with trade among
the Asian, African and European continents, and advances in science in
the medieval Islamic world. East Asia experienced the full establishment
of power of Imperial China, which established several prosperous
dynasties influencing Korea, Vietnam, and Japan. Religions such as
Buddhism and Neo-Confucianism spread in the region. Gunpowder was
developed in China during the post-classical era. The Mongol Empire
connected Europe and Asia, creating safe trade and stability between the
two regions. In total the population of the world doubled in the time
period from approximately 210 million in 500 AD to 461 million in 1500
AD. Population generally grew steadily throughout the period but endured
some incidental declines in events including the Plague of Justinian,
the Mongol Invasions, and the Black Death.
This period is also called the medieval era, post-antiquity era, post-ancient era, or pre-modern era.
This documentary
about the Middle Ages is a bare-bones introduction to the Postclassical
Period from around the year 500 until around 1500. The focus is global,
instead of only Europe. It is 2nd in our 4-part TIME PERIOD series
Main focuses:
West
African Kingdoms, Middle Ages, Rise of Islam, Delhi Sultanate, Khmer
Empire, Sui, Tang, and Song Dynasties, Japanese Shogunates, Crusades,
Black Death, Mongol Empire, Mississippians, Mayans and Aztecs, Incans,
Melanesians and Polynesians, Fall of Constantinople.
The early modern
period of modern history follows the late Middle Ages of the
post-classical era. Although the chronological limits of this period are
open to debate, the timeframe spans the period after the late
post-classical or Middle Ages (c. 1400–1500) through the beginning of
the Age of Revolutions (c. 1800). It is variously demarcated by
historians as beginning with the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in
1453, the Renaissance period in Europe and Timurid Central Asia, the
Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, the end of the Crusades,
the Age of Discovery (especially the voyages of Christopher Columbus
beginning in 1492 but also Vasco da Gama's discovery of the sea route to
India in 1498), and ending around the French Revolution in 1789, or
Napoleon's rise to power.
Early modern trends
in various regions of the world represented a shift away from medieval
modes of organization, politically and economically. Feudalism declined
in Europe, and Christians and Christendom saw the end of the Crusades
and of religious unity under the Roman Catholic Church. The old order
was destabilized by the Protestant Reformation, which caused a backlash
that expanded the Inquisition and sparked the disastrous European Wars
of Religion, which included the especially bloody Thirty Years' War and
ended with the establishment of the modern international system in the
Peace of Westphalia. Along with the European colonization of the
Americas, this period also contained the Commercial Revolution and the
Golden Age of Piracy.
This documentary
about the Early Modern Period is a bare-bones introduction to the world
after the Middle Ages, from around the year 1500 until around 1800. The
focus is global, instead of only Europe. It is 3rd in our 4-part TIME
PERIOD series
Main focuses:
Ming
dynasty, Qing dynasty, Japanese unification, Invasion of Korea, Mughals
and Marathas, Malacca Sultanate, Durrani Empire, Ottoman expansion,
Thirty Years' War, Seven Year's War, War of Spanish Succession,
Renaissance, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, Protestant
Reformation, Colonization of the Americas, French Revolution.
In many
periodizations of human history, the late modern period followed the
early modern period. It began approximately in the mid-18th century and
depending on the author either ended with the beginning of contemporary
history after World War II, or includes that period up to the present
day. Notable historical milestones included the American Revolution, the
French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, and the Russian
Revolution. It took all of human history up to 1804 for the world's
population to reach 1 billion; the next billion came just over a century
later, in 1927.
This documentary
about the Late Modern Period is a bare-bones introduction to the Time
Period from around the year 1800 until around the present. The focus is
global, instead of only Europe.
Industrial
Revolution, Napoleonic Wars, Revolutions of 1848, German and Italian
Unification, World War I and World War II, Chinese Civil War, Russian
Revolution, Russian Civil War, Cold War, Scramble for Africa, American
Civil War, Space Race, Gilded Age, the Great Depression, and other
topics!
General Knowledge World Ancient, Medieval, Modern - World History Timeline
The following table illustrates the major events along with respective timeline −
Time Events
10000 BCE Middle East people domesticated goats and dogs.
9500 BCE Settled farming began.
6000 BCE Copper was discovered.
5000
BCE Sumerian civilization evolved between the rivers Euphrates and
Tigris. Later it became popular as Mesopotamia (present day Iraq).
5000 BCE First calendar of 365 days, 12 months, and 30 days invented.
3500 BCE Bronze was discovered in Egypt.
3100 BCE First dynasty of Egypt.
3000 BCE Early writing.
2600 BCE Indus Valley civilization.
2560 BCE Great Pyramid of Giza.
2000 – 1200 BCE Iron Age.
1800 BCE Alphabetic writing appeared.
1700 BCE End of Indus Valley Civilization.
1400 BCE Water clock is invented in Egypt.
1027 BCE In China, Chou dynasty began.
850 BCE Homer had written the epic “Iliad and Odyssey”.
776 BCE Olympic Games first recorded.
753 BCE City of Rome was established by Romulus.
653 BCE Rise of Persian Empire.
600 BCE Sixteen Maha Janapadas emerged in India.
586 BCE The First Temple in Jerusalem (Solomon's Temple) was destroyed by the Babylonians.
550 BCE Pythagoras (Greek scholar) studied the movements of celestial bodies and mathematics.
509 BCE Founding of Roman Republic after exclusion of the last Roman King.
508 BCE Democracy introduced at Athens.
500 BCE Panini standardized the Sanskrit grammar and its morphology in the text Ashtadhyayi.
500 BCE Pingala learned the uses of zero and binary numeral system.
499 BCE Greco-Persian Wars.
490 BCE Battle of Marathon.
338 BCE In the Battle of Chaeronea, the king Philip II, defeated the combined forces of the Greek city-states Athens and Thebes.
337
BCE Philip II had created a strong and unified nation in Macedonia. He
hired Aristotle (the Philosopher) to tutor his son, Alexander.
336 BCE Philip II was assassinated and Alexander became king.
331 BCE In the Battle of Gaugamela, Alexander the Great defeated Darius III of Persia.
326 BCE In the Battle of the Hydaspes River, Alexander the Great defeated Indian king Porus
323 BCE Death of Alexander at Babylon
300 BCE The Great Pyramid of Cholula constructed
221 BCE Qin Shi Huang unified China and the beginning of Imperial rule (in China)
221 BCE The Qin Dynasty began the construction of the Great Wall of China
206 BCE After the death of Qin Shi Huang, Han Dynasty established in China
200 BCE Paper is invented in China
124 BCE China's Imperial University was established
111 BCE First Chinese domination of Việtnam as the Nanyue Kingdom
4 BCE Birth of Jesus Christ (Widely accepted date)
Common Era (CE)
29 CE Jesus Christ crucified
70 CE The armies of Titus destructed Jerusalem
78 CE Origin of Saka Era in India
79 CE Mount Vesuvius erupted and destructed Pompeii and other towns (in Italy)
220 CE After the fall of Han Dynasty, three Kingdoms period begins in China
378 CE The Germanic tribes defeated Roman army in the battle of Adrianople
570 CE Prophet Mohammed (the founder of Muslim religion) born
581 CE Sui Dynasty came in China
613 CE Muhammad had commenced preaching publicly in his hometown, Mecca
622 CE Muhammad Migrated from Mecca to Medina
623 CE Muhammad abandoned Saturday as the Sabbath and made Friday as special day of the week
632 CE Muhammad died
660 CE The Quran, the holy book, was published for the first time
793
CE Scandinavians approached the island of Lindisfarne, Scotland by boat
and they attacked monks and robbed their monastery. It is the first
recorded raid by the Vikings
800 CE Gunpowder was invented
1050 CE An ancient tool of navigation namely The astrolabe” was first used in Europe
1077 CE Construction of the London Tower began
1117 CE The University of Oxford is established
1150 CE The University of Paris is established
1199 CE Europeans first used compasses
1209 CE The University of Cambridge is established
1215 CE John of England sealed the “Magna Carta”
1298 CE Marco Polo published his itinerary of China, along with Rustichello da Pisa.
1299 CE Osman I established the Ottoman Empire
1347
CE The Black Death withered Europe for the first (of many times). In
the first year, an estimated 20 to 40% of the population was thought to
have perished.
1389 CE Battle of Kosovo (in Serbia)
1397 CE The Medici bank was established in Florence
1461 CE King Loius XI of France started postal service
1492 CE Christopher Columbus discovered a route going to the New World (i.e. Caribbean Islands and America)
1498 CE Vasco da Gama arrived India
1503 CE Leonardo da Vinci started making the painting of Mona Lisa; however, completed after three years
1506 CE Christopher Columbus died in Valladolid, Spain
1632 CE The city of Boston is founded
1636 CE Harvard University is established in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
1652 CE Dutch East India Company founded the city Cape Town in South Africa
1666 CE The Great Fire of London
1683 CE China conquered the Kingdom of Tungning and annexes Taiwan
1687 CE Isaac Newton published “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica”
1694 CE The Bank of England is established
1697 CE The earliest known first-class cricket match had taken place in Sussex
1710 CE The world's first copyright legislation, Britain's Statute of Anne (also known as Copyright Act 1709), took effect
1724 CE Japan began successful forest management reform and subsequently timber cutting was reduced
1765 CE In France, a twenty-eight volume of encyclopedia was completed
1776 CE In USA, second Continental Congress meeting and declaration of independence July 4)
1781 CE The Spanish settlers founded the city of Los Angeles
1783 CE In USA, King George declared the thirteen colonies as "free and independent”
1783 CE In USA, based on the state's 1780 constitution, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts ruled slavery illegal
1785 CE Napoleon Bonaparte became a lieutenant in the French artillery
1787 CE The United States Constitution is written in Philadelphia and submitted to the states for ratification
1787 CE The slaves freed from London established Freetown (West Africa) i.e. present-day Sierra Leone
1795 CE The first graphite pencils were used
1789–1799 CE French Revolution
1797
CE Napoleon's invasion and partition of the Republic of Venice ended
over 1,000 years of independence of the Serene Republic
1801 CE Napoleon (of France) defeated Austria
1804 CE Haiti attained its independence from France and became the first black republic
1805 CE In Milan (Italy), Napoleon was crowned as the King of Italy
1805 CE In the Battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon decisively defeated an Austrian-Russian army
1814 CE Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to Elba.
1815 CE Napoleon escaped; however, he was finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo (in June) and exiled to Saint Helena Island
1820 CE Discovery of Antarctica
1821 CE Napoleon Bonaparte died (at Saint Helena Island, where he was exiled)
1823 CE Monroe Doctrine was declared by US President James Monroe
1825 CE The two railway station at Stockton and Darlington (the first public railway in the world) was opened
1833 CE Slavery Abolition Act banned slavery throughout the British Empire
1835 CE Vaccination became mandatory in Britain
1838 CE Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolutionary selection and specialization
1840 CE New Zealand is established, as the Treaty of Waitangi is signed between the Māori and British
1841 CE Richard Owen, first time, used the word "dinosaur"
1842 CE First time Anaesthesia was used
1845-49 CE The Irish Potato Famine that lead to the Irish diaspora
1848-58 CE California Gold Rush
1848 CE Karl Marx wrote Communist Manifesto
1849 CE Roman Republic's constitutional law became the first to abolish capital punishment
1854 CE Crimean War (fought between Russia and Turkey)
1856 CE World's first oil refinery founded in Romania
1859-69 CE Suez Canal constructed
1859 CE The first successful oil well was drilled in northern Pennsylvania (USA)
1859
CE John Tyndall, the British scientist, described the concept that the
carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor trapping heat in the atmosphere.
Further, he suggested that the changing in the concentration of gases
could bring climate change
1861 CE Russia abolished serfdom
1861-65 CE American Civil War, took place between the Union and seceding Confederacy
1862 CE The first paper money was issued in the United States
1865 CE President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln was assassinated
1868 CE Michael Barrett was the last person to be publicly hanged in England
1869 CE Dmitri Mendeleev created Periodic table
1869 CE The Suez Canal route opened that linking the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea
1871 CE Royal Albert Hall opened in London
1872 CE The first National Park i.e. Yellowstone National Park, is established
1886 CE Burma was presented to Queen Victoria as a birthday gift
1886 CE Karl Benz sold the first commercial automobile
1887 CE Sir Arthur Conan Doyle published his first Sherlock Holmes story, ‘A Study in Scarlet’
1889 CE Eiffel Tower is inaugurated in Paris
1891 CE The German government initiated the first public old-age pension scheme
1892 CE For the first time, Fingerprinting was officially adopted.
1893 CE New Zealand became the first country to enact women's suffrage
1894 CE First commercial film was released by Jean Aimé Le Roy
1896 CE Olympic Games revived in Athens, Greece
1898 CE Britain obtained a 99-year lease of Hong Kong from China
1900 CE Hawaii became an official USA territory
1901 CE In Stockholm (Sweden), the first Nobel Prize ceremony was held
1901 CE Theodore Roosevelt become the youngest President of the United States
1904 CE Russian Japanese War
1905 CE Albert Einstein's formulation of relativity
1908 CE First commercial radio transmissions
1911 CE Xinhai Revolution in China overthrows the Qing Dynasty
1912 CE End of the Chinese Empire and Republic of China established
1912 CE First Balkan War began
1912 CE Woodrow Wilson elected as the 28th President of the United States
1913 CE Second Balkan War and Treaty of Bucharest too place
1914 CE Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo that triggered the World War I
1914 CE Panama Canal opened
1915 CE First use of poison gas at the Battle of Neuve Chapelle and Second Battle of Ypres
1916 CE The implementation of daylight saving time system
1917 CE Russian Revolution ended the Russian Empire
1917 CE The United States joined the Allies (countries) for the last 17 months of World War I
1918 CE End of World War I
1918 CE Poland, Ukraine, and Belarus declared their independence from Russia.
1919 CE Treaty of Versailles redrew European borders.
1919 CE League of Nations founded in Paris.
1920 CE Greece restores its monarchy after a referendum.
1920 CE International Court of Justice founded at Hague in the Netherlands.
1921 CE Adolf Hitler became Führer (guide, leader) of the Nazi Party.
1922 CE The Turkish Grand National Assembly abolished Ottoman Sultanate.
1923 CE Time Magazine was published first time
1923
CE Turkish War of Independence ended and Kemal Atatürk became the first
President of the newly established Republic of Turkey. Capital was
moved from Istanbul to Ankara
1924 CE Death of Vladimir Lenin (of Russia); rise of Stalin.
1924 CE The Caliphate was abolished by Kemal Atatürk.
1924 CE The US Federal Bureau of Investigation established under J Edgar Hoover.
1925 CE Benito Mussolini gains dictatorial powers in Italy and adopted the title of ‘Duce’.
1925 CE Mein Kampf (an autobiography of the National Socialist leader Adolf Hitler) was published.
1927 CE Joseph Stalin became leader of the Soviet Union.
1927
CE The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland officially became
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
1927 CE The BBC was granted a Royal Charter in the United Kingdom.
1928 CE Mickey Mouse was created at the Walt Disney Studio.
1929 CE Wall Street crash of 1929 and the beginning of the Great Depression
1929 CE Vatican City has given the status of a sovereign State.
1929 CE Saint Valentine's Day Massacre.
1930 CE First FIFA World Cup hosted
1931 CE Construction of the Empire State Building
1931 CE Statute of Westminster created the British Commonwealth of Nations
1931 CE Japan invaded Manchuria (China) and occupied it until the end of World War II
1932 CE Franklin D Roosevelt is elected President of the United States
1932 CE The Nazi party became the largest single party in the German parliament
1933 CE Adolf Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany
1935 CE Persia became Iran
1937 CE Japanese invaded China
1937 CE The Irish Republican Army attempted to assassinate King George VI of the UK
1938 CE Munich agreement that handed over Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany
1939 CE Nazi invasion of Poland that triggered the beginning of World War II
1940 CE Nazis invaded France, the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway
1940 CE Soviet Union annexes the Baltic states
1940 CE Winston Churchill became the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
1941 CE Attack on Pearl Harbor that forced the USA to join World War II
1941 CE Hitler invaded the Soviet Union
1943 CE Battle of Stalingrad ended with over two million casualties and the retreat of the German Army
1943
CE Tehran Conference participated by Franklin Roosevelt, Winston
Churchill, and Joseph Stalin; all agreed to launch Operation Overlord.
1943 CE Green Revolution began.
1944 CE Chechen insurgency ended with deportation of the entire Chechen population.
1944 CE First operational electronic computer, Colossus, introduced
1944 CE D Day (Military terms associated with Invasion of Normandy)
1945 CE Battle of Berlin
1945 CE Yalta Conference
1945 CE Atomic bombing on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Japan)
1945 CE End of World War II in Europe. The Holocaust ends after (about) 12 million deaths
1945 CE Death of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Adolf Hitler, and Benito Mussolini
1945 CE Potsdam Conference (World War II) divided Europe into Western and Soviet blocs
1945 CE United Nations founded
1946 CE First images had been taken of the Earth from space
1948 CE Beginning of apartheid in South Africa
1948 CE Division of North and South Korea
1949 CE Creation of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
1949 CE Germany partitioned as the Soviet socialist German Democratic Republic and the NATO-backed Federal Republic of Germany
1949 CE Establishment of the People's Republic of China under the leadership of Mao Zedong
1951 CE Treaty of San Francisco terminated the Occupation of Japan and formally concluded hostilities between Japan and the US
1952 CE Egyptian Revolution under Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrew King Farouk and terminated British occupation
1953 CE Stalin died
1954 CE First time, the Soviet Union generated the electricity by nuclear power
1955 CE Warsaw Pact signed
1957 CE Beginning of the Space Age with the launch of Sputnik I
1958 CE NASA, the US Federal Aviation Authority and Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) established
1959 CE Cuban Revolution
1962 CE Cuban missile crisis
1962 CE Sino-Indian War
1963 CE Assassination of John F Kennedy
1965 CE Deaths of Winston Churchill
1968 CE Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy assassinated while the Poor People's Campaign
1969 CE Muammar Gaddafi overthrew King Idris of Libya in a Coup d'état and established the Libyan Arab Republic
1973 CE First space station, Skylab, was launched
1975 CE First Cricket World Cup hosted
1976 CE First outbreak of the Ebola virus
1978 CE Birth of the first test-tube baby
1979 CE Margaret Thatcher became the Prime Minister of the UK
1985 CE Mikhail Gorbachev became Premier of the Soviet Union
1985 CE First use of DNA fingerprinting
1986 CE Chernobyl disasters
1989 CE Fall of the Berlin Wall
1990 CE Sir Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web (WWW)
1990 CE Gulf War began
1990 CE After 27 years of imprisonment, Nelson Mandela released
1991 CE Gulf War ended after US withdrawal and failed uprising
1991 CE Dissolution of the Soviet Union and subsequent independence of 15 former Soviet republics
1991 CE Boris Yeltsin became the first President of the Russian Federation
1991 CE The first Website has been put online and made available to the public
1992 CE Maastricht Treaty created the European Union
1993 CE Velvet divorce between Czech Republic and Slovakia
1994 CE End of apartheid in South Africa and subsequent election of Nelson Mandela the great leader
1994 CE Opening of the Channel Tunnel
1995 CE Establishment of the World Trade Organization
1997 CE Transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from UK to China
1997 CE Diana, Princess of Wales, was killed in a car accident in Paris, France
1998 CE Google is founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin
1999 CE Euro is introduced
2001 CE Terrorists destroyed the World Trade Center in New York City and damaged the Pentagon in Washington, DC
2001 CE Wikipedia founded.
2003 CE Iraq War began that triggered worldwide protests.
2003
CE The space shuttle, Columbia, collapsed (while landing) nearby Texas
(USA); all the seven astronauts (including Indian astronaut Kalpana
Chawla) died in the accident.
2005 CE Angela Merkel became Germany's first woman Chancellor.
2006 CE Ellen Johnson Sirleaf became the President of Liberia. She was the first elected female head of state in Africa.
2006 CE Execution of Saddam Hussein.
2008 CE Stock markets plunge across the world.
2008 CE Monarchy system terminated in Nepal.
2009 CE The world's tallest skyscraper, Burj Khalifa (in Dubai), has been built.
2010 The largest oil spill in US history occurred in the Gulf of Mexico.
2011 CE Osama bin Laden, Muammar Gaddafi, and Kim Jong-Il were killed.
2011 CE Iraq War ended.
2013 CE Deaths of Hugo Chávez, Nelson Mandela, and Margaret Thatcher.
2015 CE United States and Cuba resumed diplomatic relations.
https://www.southampton.ac.uk/~cpd/history.html
An Evolutionary
Timeline of Homo Sapiens Scientists share the findings that helped them
pinpoint key moments in the rise of our species The long evolutionary
journey that created modern humans began with a single step—or more
accurately—with the ability to walk on two legs. One of our
earliest-known ancestors, Sahelanthropus, began the slow transition from
ape-like movement some six million years ago, but Homo sapiens wouldn’t
show up for more than five million years. During that long interim, a
menagerie of different human species lived, evolved and died out,
intermingling and sometimes interbreeding along the way. As time went
on, their bodies changed, as did their brains and their ability to
think, as seen in their tools and technologies.
To understand how
Homo sapiens eventually evolved from these older lineages of hominins,
the group including modern humans and our closest extinct relatives and
ancestors, scientists are unearthing ancient bones and stone tools,
digging into our genes and recreating the changing environments that
helped shape our ancestors’ world and guide their evolution.
These lines of
evidence increasingly indicate that H. sapiens originated in Africa,
although not necessarily in a single time and place. Instead it seems
diverse groups of human ancestors lived in habitable regions around
Africa, evolving physically and culturally in relative isolation, until
climate driven changes to African landscapes spurred them to
intermittently mix and swap everything from genes to tool techniques.
Eventually, this process gave rise to the unique genetic makeup of
modern humans.
“East Africa was a
setting in foment—one conducive to migrations across Africa during the
period when Homo sapiens arose,” says Rick Potts, director of the
Smithsonian’s Human Origins Program. “It seems to have been an ideal
setting for the mixing of genes from migrating populations widely spread
across the continent. The implication is that the human genome arose in
Africa. Everyone is African, and yet not from any one part of Africa.”
New discoveries are
always adding key waypoints to the chart of our human journey. This
timeline of Homo sapiens features some of the best evidence documenting
how we evolved.
550,000 to 750,000 Years Ago: The Beginning of the Homo sapiens Lineage
Homo heidelbergensis
A facial
reconstruction of Homo heidelbergensis, a popular candidate as a common
ancestor for modern humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans John
Gurche
Genes,
rather than fossils, can help us chart the migrations, movements and
evolution of our own species—and those we descended from or interbred
with over the ages.
The
oldest-recovered DNA of an early human relative comes from Sima de los
Huesos, the “Pit of Bones.” At the bottom of a cave in Spain’s Atapuerca
Mountains scientists found thousands of teeth and bones from 28
different individuals who somehow ended up collected en masse. In 2016,
scientists painstakingly teased out the partial genome from these
430,000-year-old remains to reveal that the humans in the pit are the
oldest known Neanderthals, our very successful and most familiar close
relatives. Scientists used the molecular clock to estimate how long it
took to accumulate the differences between this oldest Neanderthal
genome and that of modern humans, and the researchers suggest that a
common ancestor lived sometime between 550,000 and 750,000 years ago.
Pinpoint dating
isn't the strength of genetic analyses, as the 200,000-year margin of
error shows. “In general, estimating ages with genetics is imprecise,”
says Joshua Akey, who studies evolution of the human genome at Princeton
University. “Genetics is really good at telling us qualitative things
about the order of events, and relative time frames.” Before genetics,
these divergence dates were estimated by the oldest fossils of various
lineages scientists found. In the case of H. sapiens, known remains only
date back some 300,000 years, so gene studies have located the
divergence far more accurately on our evolutionary timeline than bones
alone ever could.
Though our genes
clearly show that modern humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans—a
mysterious hominin species that left behind substantial traces in our
DNA but, so far, only a handful of tooth and bone remains—do share a
common ancestor, it’s not apparent who it was. Homo heidelbergensis, a
species that existed from 200,000 to 700,000 years ago, is a popular
candidate. It appears that the African family tree of this species leads
to Homo sapiens while a European branch leads to Homo neanderthalensis
and the Denisovans.
More ancient DNA
could help provide a clearer picture, but finding it is no sure bet.
Unfortunately, the cold, dry and stable conditions best for long-term
preservation aren’t common in Africa, and few ancient African human
genomes have been sequenced that are older than 10,000 years.
“We currently have
no ancient DNA from Africa that even comes near the timeframes of our
evolution—a process that is likely to have largely taken place between
800,000 and 300,000 years ago,” says Eleanor Scerri, an archaeological
scientist at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
in Germany.
300,000 Years Ago: Fossils Found of Oldest Homo sapiens
Homo Sapiens Skull Reconstruction
Two
views of a composite reconstruction of the earliest known Homo sapiens
fossils from Jebel Irhoud Philipp Gunz, MPI EVA Leipzig via CC-BY-SA 2.0
As
the physical remains of actual ancient people, fossils tell us most
about what they were like in life. But bones or teeth are still subject
to a significant amount of interpretation. While human remains can
survive after hundreds of thousands of years, scientists can’t always
make sense of the wide range of morphological features they see to
definitively classify the remains as Homo sapiens, or as different
species of human relatives.
Fossils often boast
a mixture of modern and primitive features, and those don’t evolve
uniformly toward our modern anatomy. Instead, certain features seem to
change in different places and times, suggesting separate clusters of
anatomical evolution would have produced quite different looking people.
No scientists
suggest that Homo sapiens first lived in what’s now Morocco, because so
much early evidence for our species has been found in both South Africa
and East Africa. But fragments of 300,000-year-old skulls, jaws, teeth
and other fossils found at Jebel Irhoud, a rich site also home to
advanced stone tools, are the oldest Homo sapiens remains yet found.
The remains of five
individuals at Jebel Irhoud exhibit traits of a face that looks
compellingly modern, mixed with other traits like an elongated brain
case reminiscent of more archaic humans. The remains’ presence in the
northwestern corner of Africa isn’t evidence of our origin point, but
rather of how widely spread humans were across Africa even at this early
date.
Other very old
fossils often classified as early Homo sapiens come from Florisbad,
South Africa (around 260,000 years old), and the Kibish Formation along
Ethiopia’s Omo River (around 195,000 years old).
The
160,000-year-old skulls of two adults and a child at Herto, Ethiopia,
were classified as the subspecies Homo sapiens idaltu because of slight
morphological differences including larger size. But they are otherwise
so similar to modern humans that some argue they aren’t a subspecies at
all. A skull discovered at Ngaloba, Tanzania, also considered Homo
sapiens, represents a 120,000-year-old individual with a mix of archaic
traits and more modern aspects like smaller facial features and a
further reduced brow.
Debate over the
definition of which fossil remains represent modern humans, given these
disparities, is common among experts. So much so that some seek to
simplify the characterization by considering them part of a single,
diverse group.
“The fact of the
matter is that all fossils before about 40,000 to 100,000 years ago
contain different combinations of so called archaic and modern features.
It’s therefore impossible to pick and choose which of the older fossils
are members of our lineage or evolutionary dead ends,” Scerri suggests.
“The best model is currently one in which they are all early Homo
sapiens, as their material culture also indicates.”
As Scerri
references, African material culture shows a widespread shift some
300,000 years ago from clunky, handheld stone tools to the more refined
blades and projectile points known as Middle Stone Age toolkits.
So when did fossils
finally first show fully modern humans with all representative
features? It’s not an easy answer. One skull (but only one of several)
from Omo Kibish looks much like a modern human at 195,000 years old,
while another found in Nigeria’s Iwo Eleru cave, appears very archaic,
but is only 13,000 years old. These discrepancies illustrate that the
process wasn’t linear, reaching some single point after which all people
were modern humans.
300,000 Years Ago: Artifacts Show a Revolution in Tools
Stone Tools
The
two objects on the right are pigments used between 320,000 and 500,000
years ago in East Africa. All other objects are stone tools used during
the same time period in the same area. Human Origins Program, NMNH,
Smithsonian
Institution
Our ancestors used
stone tools as long as 3.3 million years ago and by 1.75 million years
ago they’d adopted the Acheulean culture, a suite of chunky handaxes and
other cutting implements that remained in vogue for nearly 1.5 million
years. As recently as 400,000 years ago, thrusting spears used during
the hunt of large prey in what is now Germany were state of the art. But
they could only be used up close, an obvious and sometimes dangerous
limitation.
Even as they
acquired the more modern anatomy seen in living humans, the ways our
ancestors lived, and the tools they created, changed as well.
Humans took a leap
in tool tech with the Middle Stone Age some 300,000 years ago by making
those finely crafted tools with flaked points and attaching them to
handles and spear shafts to greatly improve hunting prowess. Projectile
points like those Potts and colleagues dated to 298,000 to 320,000 years
old in southern Kenya were an innovation that suddenly made it possible
to kill all manner of elusive or dangerous prey. “It ultimately changed
how these earliest sapiens interacted with their ecosystems, and with
other people,” says Potts.
Scrapers and awls,
which could be used to work animal hides for clothing and to shave wood
and other materials, appeared around this time. By at least 90,000 years
ago barbed points made of bone—like those discovered at Katanda,
Democratic Republic of the Congo—were used to spearfish
As with fossils,
tool advancements appear in different places and times, suggesting that
distinct groups of people evolved, and possibly later shared, these tool
technologies. Those groups may include other humans who are not part of
our own lineage.
Last year a
collection including sophisticated stone blades was discovered near
Chennai, India, and dated to at least 250,000 years ago. The presence of
this toolkit in India so soon after modern humans appeared in Africa
suggests that other species may have also invented them independently—or
that some modern humans spread the technology by leaving Africa earlier
than most current thinking suggests.
100,000 to 210,000 Years Ago: Fossils Show Homo sapiens Lived Outside of Africa
Skull From Qafzeh
A
skull found in Qafzeh, from the collection at the American Museum of
Natural History Wapondaponda via Wikipedia under CC BY-SA 3.0
Many
genetic analyses tracing our roots back to Africa make it clear that
Homo sapiens originated on that continent. But it appears that we had a
tendency to wander from a much earlier era than scientists had
previously suspected.
A jawbone found
inside a collapsed cave on the slopes of Mount Carmel, Israel, reveals
that modern humans dwelt there, alongside the Mediterranean, some
177,000 to 194,000 years ago. Not only are the jaw and teeth from
Misliya Cave unambiguously similar to those seen in modern humans, they
were found with sophisticated handaxes and flint tools.
Other finds in the
region, including multiple individuals at Qafzeh, Israel, are dated
later. They range from 100,000 to 130,000 years ago, suggesting a long
presence for humans in the region. At Qafzeh, human remains were found
with pieces of red ocher and ocher-stained tools in a site that has been
interpreted as the oldest intentional human burial.
Among the limestone
cave systems of southern China, more evidence has turned up from
between 80,000 and 120,000 years ago. A 100,000-year-old jawbone,
complete with a pair of teeth, from Zhirendong retains some archaic
traits like a less prominent chin, but otherwise appears so modern that
it may represent Homo sapiens. A cave at Daoxian yielded a surprising
array of ancient teeth, barely distinguishable from our own, which
suggest that Homo sapiens groups were already living very far from
Africa from 80,000 to 120,000 years ago.
Even earlier
migrations are possible; some believe evidence exists of humans reaching
Europe as long as 210,000 years ago. While most early human finds spark
some scholarly debate, few reach the level of the Apidima skull
fragment, in southern Greece, which may be more than 200,000 years old
and might possibly represent the earliest modern human fossil discovered
outside of Africa. The site is steeped in controversy, however, with
some scholars believing that the badly preserved remains look less those
of our own species and more like Neanderthals, whose remains are found
just a few feet away in the same cave. Others question the accuracy of
the dating analysis undertaken at the site, which is tricky because the
fossils have long since fallen out of the geological layers in which
they were deposited.
While various
groups of humans lived outside of Africa during this era, ultimately,
they aren’t part of our own evolutionary story. Genetics can reveal
which groups of people were our distant ancestors and which had
descendants who eventually died out.
“Of course, there
could be multiple out of Africa dispersals,” says Akey. “The question is
whether they contributed ancestry to present day individuals and we can
say pretty definitely now that they did not.”
50,000 to 60,000 Years Ago: Genes and Climate Reconstructions Show a Migration Out of Africa
Arabian Peninsula
A
digital rendering of a satellite view of the Arabian Peninsula, where
humans are believed to have migrated from Africa roughly 55,000 years
ago.
All living
non-Africans, from Europeans to Australia’s aboriginal people, can trace
most of their ancestry to humans who were part of a landmark migration
out of Africa beginning some 50,000 to 60,000 years ago, according to
numerous genetic studies published in recent years. Reconstructions of
climate suggest that lower sea levels created several advantageous
periods for humans to leave Africa for the Arabian Peninsula and the
Middle East, including one about 55,000 years ago.
“Just by looking at
DNA from present day individuals we’ve been able to infer a pretty good
outline of human history,” Akey says. “A group dispersed out of Africa
maybe 50 to 60 thousand years ago, and then that group traveled around
the world and eventually made it to all habitable places of the world.”
While earlier
African emigres to the Middle East or China may have interbred with some
of the more archaic hominids still living at that time, their lineage
appears to have faded out or been overwhelmed by the later migration.
15,000 to 40,000 Years Ago: Genetics and Fossils Show Homo sapiens Became the Only Surviving Human Species
Homo floresiensis
A facial reconstruction of Homo floresiensis, a diminutive early human that may have lived until 50,000 years ago John Gurche
For
most of our history on this planet, Homo sapiens have not been the only
humans. We coexisted, and as our genes make clear frequently interbred
with various hominin species, including some we haven’t yet identified.
But they dropped off, one by one, leaving our own species to represent
all humanity. On an evolutionary timescale, some of these species
vanished only recently.
On the Indonesian
island of Flores, fossils evidence a curious and diminutive early human
species nicknamed “hobbit.” Homo floresiensis appear to have been living
until perhaps 50,000 years ago, but what happened to them is a mystery.
They don’t appear to have any close relation to modern humans including
the Rampasasa pygmy group, which lives in the same region today.
Neanderthals once
stretched across Eurasia from Portugal and the British Isles to Siberia.
As Homo sapiens became more prevalent across these areas the
Neanderthals faded in their turn, being generally consigned to history
by some 40,000 years ago. Some evidence suggests that a few die-hards
might have held on in enclaves, like Gibraltar, until perhaps 29,000
years ago. Even today traces of them remain because modern humans carry
Neanderthal DNA in their genome.
Our more mysterious
cousins, the Denisovans, left behind so few identifiable fossils that
scientists aren’t exactly sure what they looked like, or if they might
have been more than one species. A recent study of human genomes in
Papua New Guinea suggests that humans may have lived with and interbred
with Denisovans there as recently as 15,000 years ago, though the claims
are controversial. Their genetic legacy is more certain. Many living
Asian people inherited perhaps 3 to 5 percent of their DNA from the
Denisovans.
Despite the bits of
genetic ancestry they contributed to living people, all of our close
relatives eventually died out, leaving Homo sapiens as the only human
species. Their extinctions add one more intriguing, perhaps unanswerable
question to the story of our evolution—why were we the only humans to
survive?
Thanks From New World Order Year Zero!
Buildings
and cities are made to grow old, to outlast people, and to be a
testament to these cultural histories. They’re a yardstick for a
culture’s ability to endure. When they’re not given the chance to do
this, the contradiction can break something loose, and send people
scavenging for cultural memory that feels ancient enough to anchor them
in an uncertain now.
If anything, the world is consistent; no one in any country has a clue how to rebuild the castles found in their own countries.
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